Off-grid power has been in decline. Widely seeing it as the poor man's option, users have aspired to get beyond it to the more secure, "troublefree" world of on-grid - or so they believed.

Evovelo has just announced its prototype electric trike, which can reach speeds of 45 kph with a drivers' cab and solar panel on the roof.

Electric vehicles are the future and ones that make their own electricity are the end game for these.

All the publicity currently goes to the race to make regular and premium cars have longer range

There is more energy to harvest at sea. True, water craft have stronger resistance to overcome but on balance, it means that energy independent electric boats are more common than their equivalents on land or in the air and they have lessons for both.

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Companies get vaporised when market segmentation widens. Classics are those making steam trains missing the move to electric and to other modes of travel and NortonVilliersTriumph thinking that dominance of the UK motorcycle market protected them when, of course, motorcycles are a world market appropriately addressed by others

This article charts the development of water vehicles towards energy independence.

IDTechEx is hosting a free webinar on Tuesday 22 August.

RethinkX and Barclays Research have issued carefully prepared research concluding that the global peak for cars will be in only a few years. Analysts IDTechEx say around 2030. Most experts see it as inevitable.

It is now becoming clear that the appalling emissions from ships that cause global warming and local injuries can be virtually eliminated.

IDTechEx forecasts no let up in the growth of the global lithium-ion battery market even in 2027. These batteries are now steadily replacing lead acid in its last strongholds such as mobility vehicles for the disabled, fork lift trucks, golf carts and cars though there is a long way to go in each case.

Sono Motors in Germany has officially launched its solar electric car Sion in Munich with first deliveries expected in 2019.

IDTechEx is hosting a free webinar on Tuesday 15 August.